electrical conductivity of germanium with temperatureelectrical conductivity of germanium with temperature

For the first time, planar high-purity germanium detectors with thin amorphous germanium contacts were successfully operated directly in liquid nitrogen and liquid argon in a cryostat at the Max-Planck-Institut fr Physics in Munich. As can be seen, theboiling pointof a liquid varies depending upon the surrounding environmental pressure. A slice of germanium conducts when heated. This in turn enables one to perform continuous simultaneous measurements of various parameters of germanium in the intrinsic region as functions of carrier concentration. The transfer of energy is strongest when there is little resistance. Calculate its charge carrier density 'n e 'and electron mobility at room temperature. We assume no responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of information from this website. Maybe add your school logo, work team or anything else to make your paper look cool? The measurements allow calculations, The electrical conductivity changes of n-type germanium bombarded by fast neutrons from a reactor were studied, and the position of the energy level in the forbidden band of the shallow traps (0.206 ev below the conduction band) caused by fast neutron bombardment was established. >> The electrical conductivity of pure germ. In fact, for crystalline, nonmetallic solids such as diamond, kphcan be quite large, exceeding values of k associated with good conductors, such as aluminum. Most recent implementations of low-cost electrical conductivity (EC) sensors intended for water quality measurements are based on simple two-pole designs. Solid line show the results of calculation in the case where non-parabolic effect are taken into account (Reggiani et al. Thus, EGO is equal to 0.785 (1.21) eV for Ge (Si). Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. 74 Ge. Silicon became most popular choice as a semiconductor after 1954. An increasing temperature means that, on average, there is greater mobility of the atoms that constitute the metal. A liquid in a partial vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. The electrical conductivity of the CCZ reinforced with 0.1 wt% graphene was comparable to that of CCZ with no graphene content (65 vs. 63% IACS). ADS Also discussed are the pros and cons of using thin amorphous semiconductor materials as an alternative contact technology in large-scale germanium experiments, For the first time, electrical conduction mechanisms in the disordered material system is experimentally studied for p-type amorphous germanium (a-Ge) used for high-purity Ge detector contacts. In fact, in pure metals such as gold, silver, copper, and aluminum, the heat current associated with the flow of electrons by far exceeds a small contribution due to the flow of phonons. One siemens is equal to the reciprocal of one ohm. Thus by substituting the values we will get the electrical conductivity of germanium. Pike, C.H. Gallium - Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity, Zinc - Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity, Copper - Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity, Zinc Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity, Arsenic Electrical Resistivity and Electrical Conductivity. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is an ionic compound that consists of a multitude of strong ionic bonds. Lu, J.D. Dense gases such as xenon and dichlorodifluoromethane have low thermal conductivity. In fact, lattice thermal conduction is the dominant thermal conduction mechanism in nonmetals, if not the only one. The temperature dependent hopping distance and hopping energy are obtained for a-Ge fabricated as the electrical contact materials for high-purity Ge planar detectors. Hansen, G.S. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/electrical-conductivity-in-metals-2340117. The localization length, Electrical conductivity of high-purity germanium crystals at low temperature, Depuydt, Ben; Theuwis, Antoon; Romandic, Igor. The mean free path also depends on the diameter of the molecule, with larger molecules more likely to experience collisions than small molecules, which is the average distance traveled by an energy carrier (a molecule) before experiencing a collision. Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k. When electrons and phonons carry thermal energy leading to conduction heat transfer in a solid, the thermal conductivity may be expressed as: Metalsare solids and as such they possess crystalline structure where the ions (nuclei with their surrounding shells of core electrons) occupy translationally equivalent positions in the crystal lattice. Res. On the other hand, insulators have very low conductivity in the range 10 -4 to 10 -6 S/cm. Paige, J. Phys. 1) Note! J. At the melting point the two phases of a substance, liquid and vapor, have identical free energies and therefore are equally likely to exist. Themotion of individual atoms, ions, or molecules in a solid is restricted to vibrational motion about a fixed point. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Silicon and germanium are similar to each other and have an intermediate conductivity. 2 d. At room temperature, electrical conductivity () increases from 240 to 348 S cm 1 as the grain size decreases from 5 m to 0.26 m. Therefore, it is derived that more GBs in TiCo 0.7 Fe 0.3 Sb lead to an increase of the bulk electrical conductivity. For n-type silicon: Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Delta Connection, Relation Between Line Voltage and Phase Voltage in Star Connection, Charge Densities in Extrinsic Semiconductor, Kirchhoffs Voltage Law Examples with Solution, Kirchhoff's Voltage Law Examples with Solution, Superposition Theorem Example with Solution, Induced EMF | Statically and Dynamically Induced EMF, Reciprocity Theorem Example with Solution, Transient Response in Series RC circuit having D.C. Excitation (First Order circuit). An approximate, Measurements of conductivity and Hall effect from 11\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K on a set of $n$-type germanium samples covering the range from, The data of E. J. Ryder on the mobility of electrons in electric fields up to 40,000 volts per cm are analyzed. Cells, 1.5 V, with holders, 3 Lamp in holder, 6 V 3 W approx Mounted slice of germanium, see technical note In fact, for crystalline, nonmetallic solids such as diamond, kphcan be quite large, exceeding values of k associated with good conductors, such as aluminum. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of single-crystal and polycrystalline high-purity germanium (HPGe) samples has been investigated in the temperature range from 7 to 100K. The conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves for three single-crystal samples consist of two distinct temperature ranges: a high-temperature range where the conductivity increases to a maximum with decreasing temperature, and a low-temperature range where the conductivity continues decreasing slowly with decreasing temperature. The heat transfer characteristics of a solid material are measured by a property called the thermal conductivity, k (or ), measured in W/m.K. Yang, G., Kooi, K., Wang, G. et al. (1969), Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1967)/Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (1970), Discoverer: Armbruster, Paula and Muenzenberg, Dr. Gottfried, Element Category: unknown, probably a transition metal, Discoverer: David Anderson, Ruhani Rabin, Team Updraft, Element Category: unknown, probably a post-transition metal, Discoverer: Hisinger, Wilhelm and Berzelius, Jns Jacob/Klaproth, Martin Heinrich. At room temperature (300 K), for Ge (Si) per cm3. 18-39 18.35 This problem asks that we estimate the temperature at which GaAs has an electrical conductivity of 1.6 x 10-3 (-m)-1 assuming that the conductivity has a temperature dependence as shown in Equation 18.36. Thermal expansion is common for solids, liquids and for gases. In solid-state physics, this energy gap or band gap is an energy range between valence band and conduction band where electron states are forbidden. (0 K), the electrical conductivity of a semiconductor has a value of zero (i.e., the conductivity is at its minimum) whereas a metal exhibits its maximum electrical conductivity at absolute zero; furthermore, conductivity increases with increasing temperature in a . ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/table-of-electrical-resistivity-conductivity-608499. E. Discoverer: De Marignac, Charles Galissard, Discoverer: De Marignac, Jean Charles Galissard, Discoverer: Ghring, Otto and Fajans, Kasimir. Bell, Terence. Electrical conductivity and its converse, electrical resistivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how Germanium conducts the flow of electric current. >> Energy Bands. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity is simulated by curve-fitting the G (, T) function to experimental conductivity versus temperature data in terms of the parameter, E = E E F is the energy of the bottom of the conduction band and E F is the Fermi energy. Discoverer: McMillan, Edwin M. and Abelson, Philip H. Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Joseph W. Kennedy, Edward M. McMillan, Arthur C. Wohl, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Stanley G. Thompson, Glenn T. Seaborg, Bernard G. Harvey, Gregory R. Choppin, Albert Ghiorso, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Torbrn Sikkeland, John R. Walton, Discoverer: Albert Ghiorso, Torbjrn Sikkeland, Almon E. Larsh, Robert M. Latimer, Copyright 2023 Periodic Table | All Rights Reserved |. Semiconductors have conductivity in the intermediate range. By the same token, the most effective conductors of electricity are metals that have a single valence electron that is free to move and causes a strong repelling reaction in other electrons. Tin is a metal with a high conductivity. Therefore, many insulating materials (e.g.polystyrene) function simply by having a large number ofgas-filled pocketswhichprevent large-scale convection. The density of carriers in the doped semiconductor (10 16 cm-3) is much higher than in the undoped material (~10 10 cm-3), so the conductivity is also many orders of magnitude higher. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Electrical conductivity is the reciprocal quantity of resistivity. If it is not isometric, there may be different expansion coefficients for different crystallographic directions, and the crystal will change shape as the temperature changes. Phys. Thequantaof the crystal vibrational field are referred to as phonons. A phonon is a collective excitation in a periodic, elastic arrangement of atoms or molecules in condensed matter, like solids and some liquids. of a-Ge is on the order of 2.13$$^{-0.05}_{+0.07}$$A to 5.07$$^{0.83}_{+2.58}$$A,depending on the density of states near the Fermi energy level within bandgap. In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Rev. Mei, J. Govai et al., Appl. 35 refs. volume124, Articlenumber:381 (2018) Fornonmetallic solids,kis determined primarily bykph, which increases as the frequency of interactions between the atoms and the lattice decreases. Nucl. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. 49, Issue 4, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. Experimentally it has been found that, For Ge, EG (T) = 0.785-2.23 x 10-4 T eV (15), For Si, EG (T) = 1.21-3.60 x 10-4 T eV (16). In solids, atoms vibrate about their equilibrium positions (crystal lattice). The electrical and thermal conductivities of metalsoriginate fromthe fact that theirouter electrons are delocalized. Because valence electrons are free to move, they can travel through the lattice that forms the physical structure of a metal. This is commonly measured across the opposite faces of a one-meter cube of material and described as an ohm meter (m). It is a measure of a substances ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Sci. Bell, Terence. Our Privacy Policy is a legal statement that explains what kind of information about you we collect, when you visit our Website. 4. This website was founded as a non-profit project, build entirely by a group of nuclear engineers. High Temperature Circular; Indirect Cooled Magnetron; Rotary Magnetron; UHV Sputtering; Request Circular Info; . Therefore higher temperatures implygreater distancebetween atoms. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Discoverer: Ramsey, Sir William and Cleve, Per Teodor. Their contribution to the thermal conductivity is referred to as theelectronic thermal conductivity, ke. 175, 23 (1986), G.E. GaAs transistor was first introduced in the year of 1970. The Relationship Between Electricity and Magnetism, 10 Examples of Electrical Conductors and Insulators, Table of Electrical Resistivity and Conductivity, Metallic Bond: Definition, Properties, and Examples, Understanding Electrical, Thermal, and Sound Conductors, The Basics: An Introduction to Electricity and Electronics. 30, 93 (1981), Article 2. Haller, W.L. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. Unlike the resistors, the resistivity of the various semiconductors decreases . https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-018-1803-2. Sci. In p-type semiconductor, np << Pp, Further . The intrinsic semiconductor has a very small conductivity. The law, named afterGerman physicist Georg Ohm, appeared in 1827 in a published paper laying out how current and voltage are measured via electrical circuits. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. The Electrical Conductivity of Silicon and Germanium, to be made of the concentration and mobility of light holes and prove that the number of minima in the conduction band of germanium equals four. Anderson, N. Apsley, Semicond. Where Qvn (Qvp) is the volume charge density of electrons (holes) per cubic meter. ENGINEERING PHYSICS -SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS PROBLEMS KEYS. Also, isentropic compressibility was calculated. Both of these bands are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals Across the. 50, Issue 5, Solid-State Electronics, Vol. 17, Issue 5, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. Metalsin general havehigh electrical conductivity,high thermal conductivity, and high density. Notes on the Electrical Conductivity of particular elements: Carbon: Value given for graphite. Electrical Conductivity of Metals. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Sodium chloride melts at 801C. Engineering Electrical Engineering 2. The table above is based on 20 o C reference.. Phys. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. The heat can be removed by channeling the liquid through a heat exchanger. Explain the difference of the conduction and valence bands of the different materials. This changes the carrier concentration and transforms n-type germanium into p-type. Also as the conductivity of extrinsic semiconductor is more than that of intrinsic semiconductor, thus the conductivity of pure germanium increases by doping Ge crystal either with . Weisskopf, Phys. Discoverer: Corson, Dale R. and Mackenzie, K. R. The actinide or actinoid series encompasses the 15 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers from 89 to 103, actinium through lawrencium. Correspondence to Learn more about Institutional subscriptions, C. Claeys, E. Simoen, Germanium-based Technologies from Materials to Devices, (Elsevier BV, Oxford, Amsterdam, 2007), B. Depuydt, A. Theuwis, I. Romandic, Mat. In gases, the thermal conduction is caused by diffusion of molecules from higher energy level to the lower level. >> Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits. Why are semiconductors valuable in modern . Also given that the electron and hole densities are each equal. Ok, so what is the electrical conductivity of an atom of Ge? The effect of temperature, pressure, and chemical species on thethermal conductivityof a gas may be explained in terms of thekinetic theory of gases. At temperatures near room temperature, the temperature dependence of the conductivity fo intrinsic germanium is found to equal: -E o =C (T 3/2' )exp 2kT where C is a temperature-independent constant and T is in Kelvins. On substituting these values of Qvn and Qvp in equation (2) we get. A. luster B. electrical conductivity C. ductility D. none of the above. A low resistivity indicates a material that readily allows the flow of electric current. 9, 437 (2006), Article The volumetric thermal expansion coefficient is the most basic thermal expansion coefficient, and the most relevant for fluids. Summary The idea of conduction by electrons in the energy bands of an impurity system is examined. The detectors were fabricated at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the University of South Dakota, using crystals grown at the University of South Dakota. Gang Yang. Electric conductivity may be represented by the Greek letter (sigma), (kappa), or (gamma). (2021, August 3). and an insulator, such as glass. The thermal conductivity of most liquids and solids varies with temperature. Thus, total drift current density is given by. . The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Abstract Studies were made of electrical conductivity at low temperatures in germanium crystals grown with indium and antimony EE majority and minority impurities respectively. Discoverer: Scientists at Dubna, Russia (1964)/Albert Ghiorso et. 101/1-B, Chemical and electrical properties of cavities in silicon and germanium. Since it is difficult to measure extreme temperatures precisely without bias, both have been cited in the literature as having the higher boiling point. As was written, in liquids, the thermal conduction is caused by atomic or molecular diffusion, but physical mechanisms for explaining the thermal conductivity of liquids are not well understood. , title={The low temperature electrical conductivity of n-type germanium}, author={S H Koenig and G. Robert Gunther-Mohr}, journal={Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids}, year={1957 . The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. Thethermal conductivityof most liquids and solids varies with temperature. Appl. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. The internal consistency of the parameters in the carriers (electrons, normal holes, and light holes) is also shown. Accordingly, transport of thermal energy may be due to two effects: The unique feature of metals as far as their structure is concerned is the presence of charge carriers, specificallyelectrons. Hansen, F.S. Growth 352, 43 (2012), G. Yang, J. Govani, H. Mei et al., Cryst. Conduction in metals must follow Ohm's Law, which states that the current is directly proportional to the electric field applied to the metal. If a single ball strikes multiple other balls, each of those will carry only a fraction of the energy. Substances in which electricity can flow are called conductors. However, when heated or doped with other elements, semiconductors like silicon and germanium can become extremely efficient conductors of electricity. A liquid at high pressure has a higher boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure. In the experiment P7.2.1.5, the electrical conductivity of undoped germanium is measured as a function of the temperature to provide a comparison. The name semiconductor comes from the fact that these materials have an electrical conductivity between that of a metal, like copper, gold, etc. The relevant physical models have been proposed to explain these differences in the conductive behaviors between two kinds of samples. Q8. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Sci. 2) Note! The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity of single-crystal and polycrystalline high-purity germanium (HPGe) samples has been investigated in the temperature range from 7 to 100 K. The conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves for three single-crystal samples consist of two distinct temperature ranges: a high-temperature range where the conductivity increases to a maximum . Phonons play a major role in many of the physical properties of condensed matter, like thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. The pressure at which vaporization (boiling) starts to occur for a given temperature is called thesaturation pressure. searching for physics beyond the Standard Model. They have an energy gap less than 4eV (about 1eV). Hansen, E.E. Alternation of gas pocket and solid material causes that the heat must be transferred through many interfaces causing rapid decrease in heat transfer coefficient. Convert between Electrical Resistivity Units. Equation (10) gives the conductivity of any semiconductor, whether intrinsic or extrinsic. The atoms of metal elements are characterized by the presence of valence electrons, which are electrons in the outer shell of an atom that are free to move about. (Residual Resistivity Ratio) which correlates the thermalresistivity and electrical resistivity as the impurity effect and is primarily additive in resistivity. When, ni at 300K = 2.5 1013 /cm and n and p in germanium are 3800 and 1800 cm2/Vs respectively. It is a measure of a substance's ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. It is usually expressed as a fractional change in length or volume per unit temperature change. Up to date, curated data provided by Mathematica 's ElementData function from Wolfram Research, Inc. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. Insulators, on the other hand, are made of a wide variety of materials depending on factors such as the desired resistance. Wang, Microelectron. This shows that electrical conductivity of a semiconductor increases with the increase of temperature, i.e., a semiconductor has a negative temperature coefficient of resistance. Both the boiling points of rhenium and tungsten exceed 5000 K at standard pressure. Draw the Bohr Model of Silicon, Germanium and Gallium Arsenide. Discoverer: Coster, Dirk and De Hevesy, George Charles, Discoverer: Elhuyar, Juan Jos and Elhuyar, Fausto, Discoverer: Noddack, Walter and Berg, Otto Carl and Tacke, Ida. The intrinsic concentration ni varies with temperature as below: Where EGO is the forbidden energy gap at 00K in eV, k is the Boltmann consist in eV/deg K and A0 is a constant independent of temperature. Such weak intermolecular bonds give organic molecular substances, such as waxes and oils, their soft bulk character, and their low melting points (in liquids, molecules must cease most structured or oriented contact with each other). The dissociation energies for Si-H and Ge-H surface monohydride bonds were determined, showing that H chemisorption on Si is energetically stable with respect H{sub 2} gas whereas H chemisorption on Ge is not. Chem. Google Scholar, E.E. (auth), Contribution to the Change of the Electrical Properties of Silicon and Germanium Diodes by Neutron Irradiation; ZUR AENDERUNG DER ELEKTRISCHEN EIGENSCHAFTEN VON SILIZIUM- UND GERMANIUM-DIODEN BEI NEUTRONEN-BESTRAHLUNG, RADIATION DAMAGE AS A METHOD FOR STUDY OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, HALL- COEFFICIENT AND THERMOELECTRIC POWER OF GERMANIUM AS FUNCTIONS OF CARRIER CONCENTRATION, ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY CHANGES OF n-TYPE GERMANIUM BOMBARDED BY REACTOR FAST NEUTRONS. Electrical conductivity in metals is a result of the movement of electrically charged particles. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The regularity of the lattice arrangement has an important effect onkph, with crystalline (well-ordered) materials likequartzhaving a higher thermal conductivity than amorphous materials like glass. Using the electron and hole mobilities for silicon in Table $18.3,$ compute the electron concentration. It is a measure of a substance's ability to transfer heat through a material by conduction. Metalsin general havehigh electrical conductivity,high thermal conductivity, and high density. From the room temperature (298 K) conductivity [10-6 (-m)-1] and band gap energy (1.42 eV) of Table 18.3 we determine the value of C (Equation 18.36) by taking natural . The liquid can be said to be saturated with thermal energy. Conductivity is a measure of how well a material conducts an electric current. Proc. Vn (Vp) is the velocity of electron (hole) is meters/sec. A. I B. III C. IV D. V. 3. Similar definitions are associated with thermal conductivities in the y- and z-directions (ky, kz), but for an isotropic material the thermal conductivity is independent of the direction of transfer, kx = ky = kz = k. When electrons and phonons carry thermal energy leading to conduction heat transfer in a solid, the thermal conductivity may be expressed as: Metalsare solids and as such they possess crystalline structure where the ions (nuclei with their surrounding shells of core electrons) occupy translationally equivalent positions in the crystal lattice. 2.410 6 S/m. Drift velocity v d as a function of temperature for electric field F=10 4 (V cm-1). Main purpose of this project is to help the public learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements, ionizing radiation, thermal engineering, reactor physics and nuclear energy. 110 6 S/m. In contrast, the conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves for three polycrystalline samples, in addition to a high- and a low-temperature range where a similar conductive behavior is shown, have a medium-temperature range where the conductivity decreases dramatically with decreasing temperature. K). it passes through a minimum. The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The dashed line has been computed from equation (1). The effect of temperature, pressure, and chemical species on the thermal conductivityof a gas may be explained in terms of thekinetic theory of gases. Mobility The mobility of a charge varies as T-m over temperature range of 100 to 400 K. For Ge, m = 1.66 (2.33) for electron (hole), For Si, m = 2.5 (2.7) for electron (hole). Journal Article: Electrical conductivity of high-purity germanium crystals at low temperatureElectrical conductivity of high-purity germanium crystals at low temperature K). Below the boiling point, the liquid is the more stable state of the two, whereas above the gaseous form is preferred. ThoughtCo. The authors would like to thank the members of the crystal growth group at The University of South Dakota. Draw the Covalent Bonding of the semiconductor materials. The turning point temperature (\({T_{\text{m}}}\)) which corresponds to the maximum values of the conductivity on the conductivity versus inverse of temperature curves are higher for the polycrystalline samples than for the single-crystal samples. 992, 406 (1955), R. Wichner, S.P. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Discoverer: Ramsey, Sir William and Cleve, Per Teodor. Density, surface tension, electric conductivity, and speed of sound of sodium dodecanoate (sodium laurate) aqueous solutions have been determined. The Electrical Conductivity oj Germanium 285 decreases until at T~500"~. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. Answer: Germanium is a semiconductor. The electrical and thermal conductivities of metalsoriginate fromthe fact that theirouter electrons are delocalized. m. Electrical resistivity and its converse, electrical conductivity, is a fundamental property of a material that quantifies how strongly it resists or conducts the flow of electric current. . Discoverer: Marinsky, Jacob A. and Coryell, Charles D. and Glendenin, Lawerence. OSTI.GOV Technical Report: The Electrical Conductivity of Silicon and Germanium. Electrical conductivity of high-purity germanium crystals at low temperature. Formula used: For intrinsic semiconductor, the electrical conductivity \[\sigma \] is given by \[\sigma =(ne{{\mu }_{e}}+pe{{\mu }_{h}})\] Where \[{{\mu }_{e}}\] and \[{{\mu }_{h}}\] denote the mobilities of electrons and holes respectively; n and p is the number of electrons and holes in the .

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