which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

c. result of childhood trauma. However, one afternoon I was bitten on the foot by something in the water. Only about 10 percent of those who receive couple therapy eventually divorce. d. the ways in which women express their femininity. 114. Right before his death, Skinner (1990) reminded psychologists that the only thing we can truly know and study was the observable. Finally, assertiveness training aids the client in protecting their rights and obtaining what they want from others. Dichotomous thinking Viewing people or events in all-or-nothing terms. d. transference. You are doing your best. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. a. very small; selectively b. large; selectively c. large; openly d. small; openly, 142. b. overgeneralization. Mind Reading Assuming others know what you are thinking without any evidence. 157. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. Behaviorally test your thought. Chief among these are neurotransmitter imbalances. d. the adverse effects of drugs will result in worse quality of life than the abnormality brings. d. quaternary prevention. But before these diagnostic categories c. existential. The perspective that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of: a. current thinking in the mental health profession. Think of it as an If-Then statement. Other examples will be discussed throughout this book. d. flight of ideas. 153. 80. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. Stimulants are generally effective and produce a calming effect. c. conclusions drawn by research scientists. In Module 3, we will discuss diagnosing and classifying abnormal behavior from the perspective of the DSM-5-TR (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition, Text-Revision). 43. She relapsed and was admitted to Bellevue Sanatorium on July 1, eventually being released in October of the same year. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. Critics of the behavioral perspective point out that it oversimplifies behavior and often ignores inner determinants of behavior. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? 45. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. d. psychoanalytic therapy. Biological psychologists or neuropsychologists treat the underlying problems in the. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. Describe how the sociocultural model explains mental illness. Therefore, there is no such thing as abnormal behavior. d. A child often deliberately (consciously) adopts so-called abnormal behaviors when interacting with the family unit as a way to maintaining homeostasis.. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Describe how the biological model explains mental illness. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Thats all right. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. According to cognition-focused therapists, which is a factor in abnormal behavior? According to your reading on abnormal psychology, which term is defined as "the inability to perform in one or more important areas of functioning" and is a consideration in identifying the presence of a mental disorder? Therapists who often deliberately frustrate and challenge their clients, and who often use role-playing and a here and now orientation, are _____ therapists. The parasympathetic nervous system calms the body. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Mindfulness has been shown to be associated with improvements in which of the following? An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: a. some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Which model of abnormality MOST closely aligns with positive psychology? Of importance to mental health professionals are the adrenal glands, located on top of the kidneys, and which release cortisol to help the body deal with stress. Marvin is very afraid of dogs. 144. Finally, the sociocultural model indicated the role of socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors on abnormal behavior. They also have not developed much in the way of theory, and the perspectives tend to work best with people suffering from adjustment issues and not as well with severe mental illness. In this case, extinction continues. c. This model focuses on abstract issues of human fulfillment. c. people who have a religious community to support them are healthier. 2.3.2.1. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. Describe observational learning and modeling. b. anal stage. c. ego. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. In Panel B, we see that a neutral stimulus (NS) produces no response. Rogers did try to investigate his propositions scientifically, but most other humanistic-existential psychologists rejected the use of the scientific method. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. 2.3.3.3. Or, they are easily distracted and sits in the back so that all stimuli are in front of him/her. Yvette's negative thought patterns are harmful to her well-being. To address this unique factor, culture-sensitive therapies have been developed and include increasing the therapists awareness of cultural values, hardships, stressors, and/or prejudices faced by their client; the identification of suppressed anger and pain; and raising the clients self-worth (Prochaska & Norcross, 2013). Psychology Today published a great article on January 21, 2013, which described four ways to change your thinking through cognitive restructuring. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Evaluate the usefulness of the behavioral model. Bertha (Anna O.) 34. During a meeting, Shondas manager asks her to free associate about her coworkers performance. 113. d. a severe disorder and who has not responded to any other therapies over years of treatment. Chapter Recap. 2.2.1.6. c. children who very seldom fight. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. 42. Biological theorists view abnormal behavior as a(n): a. illness. The humanistic perspective. c. poverty is a stressor that contributes to dysfunction. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. As fears can be learned, so too they can be unlearned. Third, he relied solely on the reports of his patients and sought no observer reports. d. cognitive. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners: a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. The book published several case studies, including that of Anna O., born February 27, 1859 in Vienna to Jewish parents Siegmund and Recha Pappenheim, strict Orthodox adherents who were considered millionaires at the time. If we are angry at someone, we may engage in physical or relational aggression to alleviate this stimulation. c. The client is operantly conditioned to associate sobriety with happiness. b. secondary prevention. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: d. countertransference. If we stop providing the food pellets, in time, the rat will stop pushing the lever. How is the anatomy of the brain important to a discussion of psychopathology? b. repression. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. What is it? 2.3.3.4. Infants tend to do things that feel good. The somatic nervous system allows for voluntary movement by controlling the skeletal muscles and carries sensory information to the CNS. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. The drug eliminates the biological urge to drink alcohol. Observational learning. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. d. who are not religious cope better with life stressors such as war and illness. Figure 2.10. The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the _____ model. a. equifinality b. eclectic integration c. multifinality d. timing. 71. A theorist who believes that the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which paradigm? The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories: A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. If my mother or father consumes alcohol to feel better when things are tough, and it works, then I might do the same. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. Next, help the client stop thinking these thoughts and replace them with more rational ones. They also focus on life-enhancing experiences like relationships, love, caring, commitment, courage, creativity, power, will, presence, spirituality, individuation, self-actualization, authenticity, acceptance, transcendence, and awe. For more information, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. d. object relations theory. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. d. reality principle. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. A common example is Lithium; side effects include loss of coordination, hallucinations, seizures, and frequent urination. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? a. c. denial. c. Beck. 2.3.4.2. In the case of depression, low levels of serotonin are responsible, at least partially. This is where assessing information about others comes in and involves the cognitive process of perception, or adding meaning to raw sensory data. It went through three major stages behaviorism proper under Watson and lasting from 1913-1930 (discussed as classical/respondent conditioning), neobehaviorism under Skinner and lasting from 1930-1960 (discussed as operant conditioning), and sociobehaviorism under Bandura and Rotter and lasting from 1960-1990 (discussed as social learning theory). They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. 158. Rates of SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) are four times greater in women than men. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. WebMD adds, Experts believe many mental illnesses are linked to abnormalities in many genes rather than just one or a few and that how these genes interact with the environment is unique for every person (even identical twins). In other words, we assume the person who cut us off is an idiot (dispositional) and do not consider that maybe someone in the car is severely injured and this person is rushing them to the hospital (situational). a. What is that factor? Clarify how socioeconomic factors affect mental illness. b. focused on a positive message and living a meaningful life. Figure 2.8. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. First, extinction is when something that we do, say, think/feel has not been reinforced for some time. b. c. humanistic-existential In terms of what is being reinforced, we will either reinforce responses or time. b. He avoids visiting friends with dogs and crosses the street if he sees a person walking a dog coming his way. This process is called counterconditioning, or the reversal of previous learning. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. For mental health professionals, models help us to understand mental illness since diseases such as depression cannot be touched or experienced firsthand. d. psychophysical. The defense mechanism that BEST explains his behavior is: The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. 47. a. existential Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. Examples include abnormal blood levels, damaged cells, and abnormal gene expression. A therapist identifies a biological factor in a patient with depression. I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" Ego-defense mechanisms are in place to protect us from this pain but are considered maladaptive if they are misused and become our primary way of dealing with stress. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). b. Transcribed image text: model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the psychological roots of abnormal behavior and the need of human for velf acceptance. b. a distorted view of the self. b. Obviously then, with partial, a response continues being made for a while. Step 6 Please note that this process is cyclical. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1906, 1927, 1928), a Russian physiologist, was interested in studying digestive processes in dogs in response to being fed meat powder. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. d. synapses. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. "That's all right. As these cells die, the brain fails to receive messages about when and how to move. c. manifest content. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. Charlotte feels a knot in her stomach when she enters a hospital to visit an ailing aunt. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. a. Dysfunction b. b. self-actualization. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Most report that their symptoms decline, leading them to feel better and improve their functioning. The use of these drugs has been generally beneficial to patients. Recall that a neuron is usually at resting potential and polarized. Finally, Freud used dream analysis to understand a persons innermost wishes. Consider where students sit in a class. A theorist who believes that someone who is labeled a hard worker will, in fact, become a hard worker is MOST likely a _____ theorist. Still, the sociocultural model suffers from unclear findings and not allowing for the establishment of causal relationships, reliance on more qualitative data gathered from case studies and ethnographic analyses (one such example is Zafra, 2016), and an inability to make predictions about abnormal behavior for individuals. c. social networks. A primary prevention approach is expected to be MOST beneficial for mental health issues with: a. unknown causes. According to psychoanalytic theory, which statement is TRUE about dreams? The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is: Nikolai's grandmother has just baked cookies and is placing them on a cooling rack. Since you dont have time, you decide to study only for the classes in which the teacher provided a study guide. a. Existential therapy is very new, and there hasnt yet been enough time to conduct thorough research. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. _____ theory focuses on observable and conscious behaviors, whereas _____ theory focuses on unconscious processes. This led to a cognitive-behavioral perspective that combines concepts from the behavioral and cognitive models, the latter discussed in the next section. This is an example of behavior modification using: a. cognitive-behavioral b. sociocultural c. psychodynamic d. humanistic-existential, 10. All of the models include an element of the biological model. 85. The existential perspective. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? c. psychosurgery. They add, Oftentimes someone being treated with CBT will have homework in between sessions where they practice replacing negative thoughts with more realistic thoughts based on prior experiences or record their negative thoughts in a journal. For more on CBT, visit: https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Freud believed that the id is fueled by: a. self-preservation. Both the id and the ego: a. unconsciously seek gratification. c. drugs are not very effective in the treatment of abnormal behavior. Common antipsychotics include Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, Quetiapine, and Lurasidone. d. cognition-focused. c. psychoanalytic theory. Evaluate the usefulness of humanistic and existential perspectives. Recognizing the signs that you or someone you love may have a mental disorder is the first step toward getting treatment. b. focusing on the here and now. b. negative transference. Hence, to reach -55mV and fire, it will need more than the normal gain of +15mV (-70 to -55 mV). For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. Breuer made daily visits and allowed her to share stories from her private theater, which she came to call talking cure or chimney sweeping. Many of the stories she shared were actually thoughts or events she found troubling and reliving them helped to relieve or eliminate the symptoms. a. c. phallic stage. During CBT a therapist will actively work with a person to uncover unhealthy patterns of thought and how they may be causing self-destructive behaviors and beliefs. CBT attempts to identify negative or false beliefs and restructure them. 108. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. 24. So, it is better to subscribe to a multi-dimensional model that integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. d. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. d. try to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. 2.2.3.3. The drug causes severe vomiting if a person drinks alcohol while taking the drug. The paradigm, or model, adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior was the _____ model. She ultimately decided not to copy, knowing that doing so was wrong. a. starting treatment for a diagnosed mental health condition b. passing out educational materials that describe modifiable risk factors for mental illness c. providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed d. advocating for federal legislation that protects individuals mental health in the workplace. The electrical portion of the neural impulse is just the start. Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Freuds psychoanalysis was unique in the history of psychology because it did not arise within universities as most major schools of thought did; rather, it emerged from medicine and psychiatry to address psychopathology and examine the unconscious. What form do these consequences take? Resistance and transference are terms most likely used by which model? a. having the patient engage in activities that elicit anxiety b. prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine c. teaching the patient how to effectively challenge negative thoughts d. encouraging the patient to cultivate relationships with others who have similar anxieties. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. 2.3.2.5. However, people can build up a tolerance to benzodiazepines if they are taken over a long period of time and may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, nausea, difficulty urinating, and irregular heartbeat, to name a few. d. brain circuits. Schemas and cognitive errors. Gender is not a cause of mental illness, though differing demands placed on males and females by society and their culture can influence the development and course of a disorder. c. gestalt therapy. a. working through b. exposure therapy c. role playing d. family therapy. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. 61. The antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron are called: a. glia. Clarify how gender factors affect mental illness.

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