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MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. 2015;91:55561. 2006;398:2537. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. 1992;114:16202. As a result, the existing data exhibit poor reproducibility and comparability. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Bioelectromagnetics. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Cosquer et al. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Myung SK, Ju W, McDonnell DD, Lee YJ, Kazinets G, Cheng CT, et al. Correspondence to In the probe test, the exposed group could not locate the platform and exhibited a significantly higher mean latency (i.e., 3-fold higher) to reach the target quadrant, and they spent only half the time that the controls spent in the target quadrant. 2005;161:3314. After irradiation was applied for 2h/d for 60 d, the authors observed the following: microwave radiation produced by mobile phones damaged the brains of adult and young rats, the damage caused by mobile phones in the calling state was significantly more severe than that observed in the standby group, and the neurons of young rats were more seriously injured than those of adult rats. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Int J Hyg Environ Health. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Yale J Biol Med. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. [1] used 10 freely moving rats in which carbon electrodes were implanted in the cortex and dorsomedial hypothalamus. 2006;5:389. PubMed Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Behav Brain Res. volume4, Articlenumber:29 (2017) Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. After studying these effects, Hertel concluded that microwaving food leads to food degeneration. Finally, Hardell et al. 1984;11:4760. [105] identified stable C-T mutation sites at 217 points by screening for SNPs in the GRIN2B promoter region in rats. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. 1992;6:379. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Springer Nature. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. statement and It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. Abe M, Bonini NM. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. CAS PubMed PubMed Central broad definition in terms of frequencies between. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Structure, development, and plasticity of dendritic spines. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Int J Radiat Biol. By using this website, you agree to our Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. 2006;165:63644. The authors found that 2.4GHz microwave radiation reduced the expression of some miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p and miR-107 [98]. 2011;31:2293301. Radiat Res. Front Neurosci. Zhang et al. Cell Biochem Biophys. Fragopoulou et al. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Behav Brain Res. Synapse. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? Koch C, Zador A. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. The function of dendritic spines: devices subserving biochemical rather than electrical computation. Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 2001;93:2037. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. 2013;32:27380. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. 2017;326:291. Xiong et al. Biochem J. 2000;11:4135. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 2010;86:37683. Concurrently, in the hippocampus, acetylcholine can promote learning and memory [115, 116]. Bioelectromagnetics. Bioelectromagnetics. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. One reason for this difference may be that the water maze experiment is driven by aversion, whereas the arm maze experiment is driven by appetite. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. Neurosci Lett. 2009;72:20514. 2004;115:1490505. Nat Med. -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, Cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition, Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications/telephone, International agency for research on cancer, Miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents, Scientific committee on emerging and newly identified health risks. Radiat Res. 2004;155:3743. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Aydin D, Feychting M, Schz J, Andersen TV, Poulsen AH, Prochazka M, et al. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. 2005;360:6577. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Verma et al. Gold PE. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. PubMed The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Biomed Environ Sci. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;53:210011. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Neuroreport. Int J Radiat Biol. Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. 1999;75:44756. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. 2014;70:84555. Othman et al. 2013;5:5500110. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. An abnormal EEG is closely associated with damaged cognitive ability. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 1994;15:95104. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 2011;35:36978. Int J Occup Environ Health. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. J Radiat Res (Tokyo). Rev Environ Health. 2004;2004:19. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Wang L, Hu X, Peng R. Influence of long-term microwave radiation on contents of amino acids and monoamines in urine of Wistar rats. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. CAS Cobb et al. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Stahlhut Espinosa CE, Slack FJ. 2001;12:72931. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. Xu et al. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. Military Medical Research Maternal exposure to Wi-Fi radio frequencies led to various adverse neurological effects in the offspring. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Singh et al. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 1997;44:99104. Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. The strength of the electric field (rms value) at the sample position was 10V/m. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Thus, the committee suggested that in the future, studies should explore the border between thermal and non-thermal effects and that specific effects, such as triggering the onset of thermoregulatory reactions, should be defined. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. The hazard for human health from the electromagnetic radiations well be. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Brain Res. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Electromagn Biol Med. Neurol Sci. 2.45 GHz Microwave Radiation Impairs Learning and Spatial Memory via Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress Induced p53-Dependent/Independent Hippocampal Apoptosis: Molecular Basis and Underlying Mechanism. Sci STKE. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . 2000;6:18793. 2002;64:31353. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Eastern J Med. Behav Brain Res. The results suggested that chronic non-modulated, but not modulated, microwave radiation may cause anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain [77]. 1975;148:1723. Bioelectromagnetics. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat. Behav Brain Res. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. Mol Brain Res. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Neurobiol Learn Mem. Sanders AP, Joines WT. J Radiat Proc. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Google Scholar. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Dasdag et al. J Sleep Res. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2010;28:445. 2012;112:1715. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Reactive oxygen species act through p38 MAPK to limit the lifespan of hematopoietic stem cells. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. radiations. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. increased with the growing in the number of devices that used the Microwave frequencies in. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. Xu et al. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Vorobyov V, Janac B, Pesic V, Prolic Z. Google Scholar. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. These results indicated that mobile phone exposure affected the acquisition of learned responses in Wistar rats. 1984;4:285665. They summarized the characteristics and functions of hippocampus-related miRNAs following irradiation with microwaves, and these data laid a foundation that clarified the molecular mechanisms underlying microwave-induced injury to hippocampal learning and memory and suggested potential therapeutic targets. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. 2003;41:26887. 2017;38:106976. Spatial memory and learning performance and its relationship to protein synthesis of Swiss albino mice exposed to 10 GHz microwaves. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. 1988;9:33745. 2002;57:2702. 2013;34:26474. 1996;180:917. However, Li et al. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. 2004;48:46624. Lymphatic Systems: Due to chemical alterations within food substances, malfunctions occur in the lymphatic system, causing a degeneration of the body's ability to . Sci Total Environ. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. Article 1999;9:3438. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA J Natl Cancer Inst. PubMed In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. Thus, Cosquer et al. 1984;5:6370. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. CAS Wang et al. 2007;27:6024. Qiao et al. Google Scholar. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. This conclusion is consistent with the results of a previously reported study that showed that short-term exposure to microwave radiation can reduce reaction times and improve cognitive functions, attention and short-term memory capacity [28,29,30,31,32,33,34]. 2011;18:32533. J Clin Oncol. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Interphone study group. Acetylcholine modulation of neural systems involved in learning and memory. Kang D, Hamasaki N. Mitochondrial transcription factor a in the maintenance of mitochondrial DNA. [72] found that 2.856GHz, 50mW/cm2 pulsed microwave radiation caused persistent spatial memory impairments, disordered neurotransmitters, and varying degrees of damage in the hippocampus and synapses. Acta Neurol Belg. The experimental rats were divided into six groups of 3 adult rats and 3 young rats in each group (with control, GSM alone and call-receiving subgroups in each group). Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. Terms and Conditions, [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats.
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